This poster outlines the key science and engineering practices that are crucial for success in STEM fields. These practices aren't just about memorizing facts; they're about developing the skills to think critically, solve problems creatively, and contribute meaningfully to scientific and engineering advancements. Understanding and applying these practices will empower you to become a more effective scientist or engineer.
What are Science and Engineering Practices?
Science and engineering practices are the ways scientists and engineers investigate the natural world and design solutions to problems. They aren't isolated skills, but rather interconnected processes that build upon each other. They represent the how of science and engineering, just as scientific concepts and knowledge represent the what.
The Core Science and Engineering Practices:
The following sections will delve into each practice in detail, answering frequently asked questions and offering practical examples.
1. Asking Questions and Defining Problems
This is the foundation of any scientific inquiry or engineering design process. It involves formulating focused, testable questions or clearly defining a problem needing a solution. The question or problem should be specific enough to guide investigation and allow for measurable results.
Example: Instead of asking "Why is the sky blue?", a more focused question would be: "How does Rayleigh scattering affect the wavelengths of light we see in the sky?" For engineering, a problem might be: "How can we design a more energy-efficient building?"
2. Developing and Using Models
Models are simplified representations of complex systems or phenomena. They can be physical (like a model airplane), conceptual (like a diagram), mathematical (like an equation), or computational (like a computer simulation). Models help us understand, predict, and communicate our findings.
Example: A climate model uses mathematical equations and computer simulations to represent Earth's climate system, allowing scientists to predict future climate change scenarios. A conceptual model of the water cycle visually depicts the different stages of water movement on Earth.
3. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
This involves designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results. Careful planning is essential to ensure the investigation is valid and reliable. This includes controlling variables, using appropriate tools and techniques, and documenting procedures thoroughly.
Example: An experiment to test the effect of fertilizer on plant growth would require carefully controlling factors like sunlight, water, and soil type, while meticulously recording the height and weight of plants over time.
4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
This crucial step involves organizing and interpreting data collected from investigations. Scientists and engineers use various tools and techniques to identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. This may involve creating graphs, charts, and statistical analyses.
Example: A scatter plot might be used to visualize the relationship between fertilizer amount and plant growth, helping to identify a potential correlation.
5. Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Mathematics and computational thinking are essential for analyzing data, building models, and simulating complex systems. This might include using statistical analysis, creating algorithms, or employing computer simulations.
Example: Calculating the average plant height from experimental data or using computer simulations to model the aerodynamics of an airplane wing.
6. Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
Based on their analysis and interpretation of data, scientists construct explanations for phenomena, while engineers design solutions to problems. These explanations and solutions should be based on evidence and logical reasoning.
Example: A scientist might propose an explanation for the observed correlation between fertilizer and plant growth based on the nutrients provided by the fertilizer. An engineer might design a new bridge design based on stress and strain calculations to ensure structural integrity.
7. Engaging in Argument from Evidence
Scientists and engineers communicate their findings and defend their conclusions using evidence. This involves presenting data, using logical reasoning, and considering alternative explanations. This is a crucial component of peer review and scientific discourse.
Example: A scientist might present their experimental data and analysis in a scientific paper to support their claims about the effects of fertilizer on plant growth.
8. Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
Effective communication is essential in science and engineering. This involves obtaining information from various sources, critically evaluating its validity and reliability, and clearly communicating findings to others.
Example: A scientist might consult scientific journals and databases to gather information for their research, critically evaluate the evidence presented in those sources, and then present their findings in a clear and concise manner in a research report or presentation.
This poster provides a foundational understanding of the science and engineering practices. Mastering these practices is key to unlocking a successful and impactful career in STEM. Remember that these practices are interconnected and iterative; they are rarely used in isolation but rather in a dynamic and collaborative process.
